Vol. 17 Núm. 2 (2025): Número Especial: Artículos del XVIII Congreso de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Neuropsicologia
14 min
La pornografía digital como adicción conductual Pronografía digital
Publicación:
18/04/2025
Cómo citar
Métricas
8
Visualizaciones
2
Descargas
Compartir
Compartir
Resumen (ES)
Resumen
Tradicionalmente, las adicciones se conceptualizan como enfermedades neurobiológicas crónicas y recurrentes caracterizadas por la búsqueda y el consumo compulsivo, a pesar de sus consecuencias adversas. Sin embargo, esta conceptualización ha sido criticada, especialmente respecto a la inevitabilidad del comportamiento compulsivo y la preeminencia del origen orgánico. La discusión actual se centra en cómo se puede definir la adicción sin caer en una perspectiva reduccionista que limite su comprensión a un solo nivel de análisis. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar críticamente el modelo de la adicción como enfermedad cerebral frente al modelo de adicción como elección, en el contexto del consumo de pornografía digital. Se realizó una revisión natural de artículos publicados en los últimos diez años sobre el consumo problemático de pornografía digital, evaluando tanto sus correlatos neurobiológicos como conductuales. La adicción a la pornografía digital podría entenderse como un resultado de procesos normales de aprendizaje y memoria, donde la exposición repetida a estímulos supranormales favorece decisiones impulsivas y recompensas inmediatas. Las neuroadaptaciones observadas reflejan un proceso de aprendizaje, no necesariamente de enfermedad. A pesar de las similitudes neurobiológicas y comportamentales entre las adicciones a sustancias y el consumo problemático de pornografía digital, la adicción a la pornografía debe examinarse desde a través de un enfoque poblacional que considere su origen y determinantes sociales, y no sólo un abordaje individual basado en el diagnóstico y umbral de consumo.
Palabras clave (ES):
Citas
Albury, K. (2014). Porn and sex education, porn as sex education. Porn Studies, 1, 172–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2013.863654
Alexander, B. K., Coambs, R. B., & Hadaway, P. F. (1978). The effect of housing and gender on morphine self-administration in rats. Psychopharmacology, 58(2), 175–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00426903
McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 1689–1695. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Author.
American Psychiatric Association [APA]. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed-revised version.). Author.
APA, Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls (2007) Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls. Available at: http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report-full.pdf.
Antons, S., & Matthias, B. (2020). Inhibitory control and problematic Internet-pornography use - The important balancing role of the insula. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(1), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00010
Arnsten A. F. (2009). Stress signalling pathways that impair prefrontal cortex structure and function. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 10(6), 410–422. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2648
Ashton, S., McDonald, K., & Kirkman, M. (2019). What does ‘pornography’ mean in the digital age? Revisiting a definition for social science researchers. Porn Studies, 6(2), 144-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2018.1544096
Attwood, F. (2006). Sexed Up: Theorizing the Sexualization of Culture. Sexualities, 9(1), 77–94. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460706053336
Banca, P., Morris, L. S., Mitchell, S., Harrison, N. A., Potenza, M. N., & Voon, V. (2016). Novelty, conditioning and attentional bias to sexual rewards. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 72, 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.10.017
Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 1–26. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.1
Barker, M. (2014). The “problem” of sexual fantasies. Porn Studies, 1, 143–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2013.863656
Bourzac K. (2015). Neuroscience: Rewiring the brain. Nature, 522(7557), S50–S52. https://doi.org/10.1038/522S50a
Brand, M., Snagowski, J., Laier, C., & Maderwald, S. (2016). Ventral striatum activity when watching preferred pornographic pictures is correlated with symptoms of Internet pornography addiction. NeuroImage, 129, 224–232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.033
Brand, M., et al. (2019). When pornography becomes a problem: Clinical insights. PsychiatricTimes. Retrieved from: https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/when-pornography-becomes-problem-clinical-insights
Bridges, A. J., Willis, M., Ezzell, M. B., Sun, C. F., Johnson, J. A., & Wright, P. J. (2024). Pornography Use and Sexual Objectification of Others. Violence Against Women, 30(1), 228–248. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012231207041
Carrotte, E. R., Davis, A. C., & Lim, M. S. (2020). Sexual Behaviors and Violence in Pornography: Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis of Video Content Analyses. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(5), e16702. https://doi.org/10.2196/16702
Castro-Calvo, J., Cervigón-Carrasco, V., Ballester-Arnal, R., & Giménez-García, C. (2021). Cognitive processes related to problematic pornography use (PPU): A systematic review of experimental studies. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 13, 100345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100345
Chatterjee, S., Kar, S. K. (2023). Teen Pornography: An Emerging Mental Health Challenge. Journal of Psychosexual Health, 5(1), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/26318318231154230
de Alarcón, R., de la Iglesia, J. I., Casado, N. M., & Montejo, A. L. (2019). Online Porn Addiction: What We Know and What We Don't-A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm8010091
Di Chiara, G., & Imperato, A. (1988). Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 85(14), 5274–5278. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.14.5274
Duschinsky, R. (2013). The Emergence of Sexualization as a Social Problem: 1981-2010. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State and Society, 20, 137 - 156. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxs016
Duncan D. F. (1991). Violence and degradation as themes in "adult" videos. Psychological reports, 69(1), 239–240. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1991.69.1.239
Durrant, R., Adamson, S., Todd, F., & Sellman, D. (2009). Drug use and addiction: evolutionary perspective. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 43(11), 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.3109/00048670903270449
Eisinger, R. W., Erbelding, E., & Fauci, A. S. (2020). Refocusing Research on Sexually Transmitted Infections. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 222(9), 1432–1434. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiz442
Everitt, B. J., Dickinson, A., & Robbins, T. W. (2001). The neuropsychological basis of addictive behaviour. Brain research. Brain research reviews, 36(2-3), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0173(01)00088-1
Feil, J., Sheppard, D., Fitzgerald, P. B., Yücel, M., Lubman, D. I., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2010). Addiction, compulsive drug seeking, and the role of frontostriatal mechanisms in regulating inhibitory control. Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 35(2), 248–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.03.001
Fernández-Ruiz, M., López-Entrambasaguas, O. M., Martínez-Linares, J. M., & Granero-Molina, J. (2023). Young Women's Attitudes and Concerns Regarding Pornography and Their Sexual Experiences: A Qualitative Approach. Healthcare, 11(21), 2877. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11212877
Fineberg, N. A., Demetrovics, Z., Stein, D. J., Ioannidis, K., Potenza, M. N., Grünblatt, E., Brand, M., Billieux, J., Carmi, L., King, D. L., Grant, J. E., Yücel, M., Dell'Osso, B., Rumpf, H. J., Hall, N., Hollander, E., Goudriaan, A., Menchon, J., Zohar, J., Burkauskas, J., … Chamberlain, S. R. (2018). Manifesto for a European research network into Problematic Usage of the Internet. European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 28(11), 1232–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.08.004
Fong, T. W., Reid, R. C., & Parhami, I. (2012). Behavioral addictions: where to draw the lines? The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 35(2), 279–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2012.03.001
Fritz, N., Malic, V., Paul, B., & Zhou, Y. (2020). A Descriptive Analysis of the Types, Targets, and Relative Frequency of Aggression in Mainstream Pornography. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 3041–3053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-020-01773-0
Garcia-Moreno, C., Jansen, H. A., Ellsberg, M., Heise, L., Watts, C. H., & WHO Multi-country Study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women Study Team (2006). Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence. Lancet, 368(9543), 1260–1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69523-8
Garos, S., Beggan, J. K., Kluck, A., & Easton, A. (2004). Sexism and Pornography Use: Toward Explaining Past (Null) Results. Journal of Psychology & Human Sexuality, 16(1), 69–96. https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v16n01_05
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., Lusk, L., Hayashi, K. M., Greenstein, D., Vaituzis, A. C., Nugent, T. F., Herman, D. H., Clasen, L. S., Toga, A. W., Rapoport, J. L., & Thompson, P. M. (2004). Dynamic mapping of human cortical development during childhood through early adulthood. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 101(21), 8174–8179. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402680101
Goldstein, R. Z., & Volkow, N. D. (2011). Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 12(11), 652–669. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3119
Gola, M., Wordecha, M., Sescousse, G., Lew-Starowicz, M., Kossowski, B., Wypych, M., Makeig, S., Potenza, M. N., & Marchewka, A. (2017). Can Pornography be Addictive? An fMRI Study of Men Seeking Treatment for Problematic Pornography Use. Neuropsychopharmacology, 42(10), 2021–2031. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2017.78
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Grudzen, C. R., & Kerndt, P. R. (2007). The adult film industry: time to regulate? PLoS Medicine, 4(6), e126. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0040126
Hall, W., Carter, A., & Forlini, C. (2015). The brain disease model of addiction: is it supported by the evidence and has it delivered on its promises?. The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(1), 105–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00126-6
Harkness, E. L., Mullan, B., & Blaszczynski, A. (2015). Association between pornography use and sexual risk behaviors in adult consumers: a systematic review. Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking, 18(2), 59–71. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0343
Heather N. (2017). Is the concept of compulsion useful in the explanation or description of addictive behaviour and experience?. Addictive behaviors reports, 6, 15–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.abrep.2017.05.002
Heilig, M., Epstein, D. H., Nader, M. A., & Shaham, Y. (2016). Time to connect: bringing social context into addiction neuroscience. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 17(9), 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.67
Heilig, M., MacKillop, J., Martinez, D., Rehm, J., Leggio, L., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2021). Addiction as a brain disease revised: why it still matters, and the need for consilience. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46(10), 1715–1723. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00950-y
Heyman G.M. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Cambridge
Hilton D. L., Jr (2013). Pornography addiction - a supranormal stimulus considered in the context of neuroplasticity. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 3, 20767. https://doi.org/10.3402/snp.v3i0.20767
Holden C. (2001). 'Behavioral' addictions: do they exist? Science, 294(5544), 980–982. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.294.5544.980
Hyman, S. E., & Malenka, R. C. (2001). Addiction and the brain: the neurobiology of compulsion and its persistence. Nature reviews. Neuroscience, 2(10), 695–703. https://doi.org/10.1038/35094560
Hyman, S. E., Malenka, R. C., & Nestler, E. J. (2006). Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory. Annual review of neuroscience, 29, 565–598. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009
Kagerer, S., Wehrum, S., Klucken, T., Walter, B., Vaitl, D., & Stark, R. (2014). Sex attracts: investigating individual differences in attentional bias to sexual stimuli. PloS one, 9(9), e107795. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0107795
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours?. Addiction, 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13763
Kolk, S. M., & Rakic, P. (2022). Development of prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(1), 41–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01137-9
Koob G. F. (2009). Neurobiological substrates for the dark side of compulsivity in addiction. Neuropharmacology, 56 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.07.043
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (1997). Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation. Science, 278(5335), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5335.52
Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2008). Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annual review of psychology, 59, 29–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093548
Kühn, S., & Gallinat, J. (2014). Brain structure and functional connectivity associated with pornography consumption: the brain on porn. Journal of American Medical Association. Psychiatry, 71(7), 827–834. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.93
Leshner A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278(5335), 45–47. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5335.45
Levy N. (2013). Addiction is Not a Brain Disease (and it Matters). Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00024
McEwen B. S. (2012). Brain on stress: how the social environment gets under the skin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 109(2), 17180–17185. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1121254109
McEwen B. S. (2017). Neurobiological and Systemic Effects of Chronic Stress. Chronic Stress, 1, 2470547017692328. https://doi.org/10.1177/2470547017692328
McKee, A., Byron, P., Litsou, K., & Ingham, R. (2020). An interdisciplinary definition of pornography: Results from a global Delphi panel. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(3), 1085–1091. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01554-4
Mestre-Bach, G., Potenza, M. N. (2023). Loneliness, Pornography Use, Problematic Pornography Use, and Compulsive Sexual Behavior. Current Addiction Report, 10, 664–676 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-023-00516-0
Mestre-Bach, G., Villena-Moya, A., & Chiclana-Actis, C. (2024). Pornography Use and Violence: A Systematic Review of the Last 20 Years. Trauma, violence & abuse, 25(2), 1088–1112. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380231173619
Miller, D. J., & McBain, K. A. (2022). The content of contemporary, mainstream pornography: A literature review of content analytic studies. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 17(2), 219–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2021.2019648
Miller, D. J., McBain, K. A., & Raggatt, P. T. F. (2019). An experimental investigation into pornography’s effect on men’s perceptions of the likelihood of women engaging in porn-like sex. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 8(4), 365–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000202
Miller, D. J., Raggatt, P. T. F., & McBain, K. (2020). A literature review of studies into the prevalence and frequency of men’s pornography use. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 15(4), 502–529. https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2020.1831676
Mischel, W., Ayduk, O., Berman, M. G., Casey, B. J., Gotlib, I. H., Jonides, J., Kross, E., Teslovich, T., Wilson, N. L., Zayas, V., & Shoda, Y. (2011). 'Willpower' over the life span: decomposing self-regulation. Social cognitive and affective neuroscience, 6(2), 252–256. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq081
Morris, P. H., White, J., Morrison, E. R., & Fisher, K. (2013). High heels as supernormal stimuli: How wearing high heels affects judgements of female attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2012.11.006
Moynihan, A. B., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2022). Pornography consumption as existential escape from boredom. Personality and Individual Differences, 198, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111802
Mulac, A., Jansma, L. L., & Linz, D. G. (2002). Men's behavior toward women after viewing sexually-explicit films: Degradation makes a difference. Communication Monographs, 69(4), 311–328. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637750216544
Müller, S. M., & Antons, S. (2023). Decision making and executive functions in problematic pornography use. Frontiers in psychiatry, 14, 1191297. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1191297
Nestler E. J. (2005). Is there a common molecular pathway for addiction?. Nature neuroscience, 8(11), 1445–1449. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1578
Peele S. (2016). People Control Their Addictions: Addictive behaviors reports, 4, 97–101.
Pekal, J., Laier, C., Snagowski, J., Stark, R., & Brand, M. (2018). Tendencies toward Internet-pornography-use disorder: Differences in men and women regarding attentional biases to pornographic stimuli. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(3), 574–583. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.70
Petry, N. M., Zajac, K., & Ginley, M. K. (2018). Behavioral Addictions as Mental Disorders: To Be or Not To Be?. Annual review of clinical psychology, 14, 399–423. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045120
Potenza, M. N., Higuchi, S., & Brand, M. (2018). Call for research into a wider range of behavioural addictions. Nature, 555(7694), 30. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-02568-z
Poulsen, F. O., Busby, D. M., & Galovan, A. M. (2013). Pornography use: who uses it and how it is associated with couple outcomes. Journal of Sex Research, 50(1), 72–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2011.648027
Raz, S., & Berger, B. D. (2010). Social isolation increases morphine intake: behavioral and psychopharmacological aspects. Behavioural pharmacology, 21(1), 39–46.
Robins, L. N., Davis, D. H., & Nurco, D. N. (1974). How permanent was Vietnam drug addiction? American journal of public health, 64, 38–43.
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 25–53. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237
Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2000). The psychology and neurobiology of addiction: an incentive-sensitization view. Addiction (Abingdon, England), 95 Suppl 2, S91–S117. https://doi.org/10.1080/09652140050111681
Room R. (2021). No level has primacy in what is called addiction: "addiction is a social disease" would be just as tenable. Neuropsychopharmacology (10), 1712. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01015-4
Rose G. (2001). Sick individuals and sick populations. International journal of epidemiology, 30(3), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/30.3.427
Rose G. (1985). Sick individuals and sick populations. International journal of epidemiology, 14(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/14.1.32
Rostad, W. L., Gittins-Stone, D., Huntington, C., Rizzo, C. J., Pearlman, D., & Orchowski, L. (2019). The Association Between Exposure to Violent Pornography and Teen Dating Violence in Grade 10 High School Students. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(7), 2137–2147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-1435-4
Ruisoto, P., & Contador, I. (2019). The role of stress in drug addiction. An integrative review. Physiology & Behavior, 202, 62–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.01.022
Russell, D.E. (1988). Pornography and Rape: A Causal Model. Political Psychology, 9(1), 41–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3791317
Sabina, C., Wolak, J., & Finkelhor, D. (2008). The nature and dynamics of internet pornography exposure for youth. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 691–693. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2007.0179
Satel, S., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2014). Addiction and the brain-disease fallacy. Frontiers in psychiatry, 4, 141. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00141
Sinha R. (2018). Role of addiction and stress neurobiology on food intake and obesity. Biological Psychology, 131, 5–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.05.001
Stein, D. J., Phillips, K. A., Bolton, D., Fulford, K. W., Sadler, J. Z., & Kendler, K. S. (2010). What is a mental/psychiatric disorder? From DSM-IV to DSM-V. Psychological Medicine, 40(11), 1759–1765. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709992261
Stewart, D. N., & Szymanski, D. M. (2012). Young adult women’s reports of their male romantic partner’s pornography use as a correlate of their self-esteem, relationship quality, and sexual satisfaction. Sex Roles, 67(5-6), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0164-0
Toro, J. (2008). El cuerpo como delito. Ariel.
Trujols J. (2015). The brain disease model of addiction: challenging or reinforcing stigma? The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(4), 292. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00050-4
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., Wang, G. J., Swanson, J. M., & Telang, F. (2007). Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: results of imaging studies and treatment implications. Archives of neurology, 64(11), 1575–1579. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.64.11.1575
Volkow, N. D., & Koob, G. (2015). Brain disease model of addiction: why is it so controversial? The lancet. Psychiatry, 2(8), 677–679. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00236-9
Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G. J. (2003). The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies. The Journal of clinical investigation, 111(10), 1444–1451. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI18533
Wiens, T. K., & Walker, L. J. (2015). The chronic disease concept of addiction: Helpful or harmful? Addiction Research & Theory, 23(4), 309–321. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2014.987760
Wise R. A. (1996). Addictive drugs and brain stimulation reward. Annual review of neuroscience, 19, 319–340. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.19.030196.001535
Wise, R. A., & Koob, G. F. (2014). The development and maintenance of drug addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 39(2), 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2013.261
Wittmann, B. C., Daw, N. D., Seymour, B., & Dolan, R. J. (2008). Striatal activity underlies novelty-based choice in humans. Neuron, 58(6), 967–973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.027
Wright P. J. (2022). Pornography Consumption and Condomless Sex among Emerging U.S. Adults: Results from Six Nationally Representative Surveys. Health Communication, 37(14), 1740–1747. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2021.1917745
Zillmann, D., & Weaver, J. B. (1989). Pornography and men's sexual callousness toward women. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 95–125). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Explorar
Artículos
Volúmenes
Sobre la revista
Más leídos
Neuropsicología Latinoamericana
Neuropsicología Latinoamericana
Neuropsicología Latinoamericana
Neuropsicología Latinoamericana
Neuropsicología Latinoamericana